An Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in ShetlandA colour facsimile (Corpus Textuum Scoticorum: 1)
By Jakob Jakobsen. Prepared for publication by Michael Everson. First edition. Dundee: Evertype, 2021. ISBN 978-1-78201-243-6. Click on the book cover to order this book from Amazon.co.uk! Also available from Amazon.com! |
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Jakob Jakobsen’s dictionary was first published in Danish in 1908 as Etymologisk Ordbog over det norrøne Sprog paa Shetland. Its English translation was published in two volumes, in 1928 and 1932 by David Nutt in London and Vilhelm Prior in Copenhagen, and in 1985 it was reprinted in Lerwick by the Shetland Folk Society. Both editions of the book are very scarce and those rare copies that are available from antiquarian booksellers tend to vary both in condition and in cost. This colour facsimile edition contains the entire text in a single volume.
A table of contents has been added to the front matter with added section numbers to help the reader navigate Jakobsen’s introductory material; the section numbers have been added in the margin of the text itself. There were 40 corrections given on an errata sheet in volume I, and 21 corrections given in volume II; all of the corrections have been implemented on the scanned images and so the errata sheets have not been reproduced.Corpus Textuum Scoticorum is a series presenting editions of language and literature of particular interest to Scotland. The series focuses on but is not limited to volumes dealing with the Scots and Scottish Gaelic languages.
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| Contents |
| 0. Preface |
| 1. Explanation of marks and characters |
| 2. Phonetic Characters |
| 2.1. Vowels |
| 2.2. Consonants |
| 3.1. Abbreviations of names of Shetlandic localities |
| 3.2. Other abbreviations |
| 4. Introduction |
| 4.1. About Shetland |
| 4.2. Jakobsen’s visits to Shetland |
| 4.3. Norn vocabulary |
| 4.4. Inflexional endings |
| 4.4.1. Substantives, Substantival Endings |
| 4.4.1.1. Masculine -r retained |
| 4.4.1.2. Nominative -i retained |
| 4.4.1.3. Masculine nominatives in -i replaced by accusative form in -a |
| 4.4.1.4. Nominative in -i dropped |
| 4.4.1.5. Nominative in -a preserved |
| 4.4.1.6. Nominative feminine -a alternates with -o or -u |
| 4.4.1.7. Cow-names preserving -a |
| 4.4.1.8. Consciousness of -i as being masculine and -a being feminine retained |
| 4.4.1.9. Final -i replacing older -a due to influence of English or Scots -y, -ie |
| 4.4.1.10. Original -a dropped or alternates with English or Scots diminutive -ock |
| 4.4.1.11. Original -a or -i replaced by -ək |
| 4.4.1.12. Suffix -ək added to ON words ending in a consonant |
| 4.4.1.13. Old genitive endings exemplified in a variety of words |
| 4.4.1.14. Plural ending -ar retained |
| 4.4.1.15. Derivative ending -ing(r), -ung(r) becomes -in |
| 4.4.1.16. Ending -in alternates with -ən |
| 4.4.1.17. Ending -ək replacing -in (< -ing(r), -ung(r)) |
| 4.4.1.18. Derivative ending -ari becomes -ər |
| 4.4.1.19. Old definite article recognized as a fossilized suffix |
| 4.4.1.20. Suffixed definite article preserved in the accusative form in place-names |
| 4.4.2. Adjectives, Adjectival Endings |
| 4.4.2.1. §21 ON -inn preserved as -ən, -in |
| 4.4.2.2. §22 ON -óttr preserved as -ət; -ət alternates with -i (< English -y [i.e. Scots -ie]) |
| 4.4.2.3. §23 ON -igr preserved as -i; -i, -ək, -ə(k)t interchange; -ək and -ət interchange |
| 4.4.2.4. §24 ON smátt (< smár) preserved as smut (smot) |
| 4.4.2.5. §25 Adjectives having adopted the English suffix -ous |
| 4.4.2.6. §26 Adjectives preserved in the definite form |
| 4.4.2.7. §27 An old comparative form preserved |
| 4.4.3. Surviving Pronominal Forms |
| 4.4.3.1. §28 ON þú preserved in dū, du; other forms |
| 4.4.4. Verbs |
| 4.4.4.1. §29 ON verbal inflexions forms found only quite sporadically |
| 4.4.4.2. §30 ON verbal constructions preserved to a great extent |
| 4.5. Phonology |
| 4.5.1. Vowel-changes (stem vowels) |
| 4.5.1.1. Changes before non-mouillé consonants or when final |
| 4.5.1.1.1. ON a as Norn o, ɔ; or ō |
| 4.5.1.1.2. ON á as Norn ō (wō), ū, ɔu; o, wȯ, ȯ, ɔ (å), u |
| 4.5.1.1.3. ON e as Norn ɛ, æ, e; ē |
| 4.5.1.1.4. ON é as Norn jē (ē), jɛ, ɛ |
| 4.5.1.1.5. ON i as Norn ɪ, e, ə, ʌ; ī (i) |
| 4.5.1.1.6. ON í as Norn ī, āi; i, ɪ, e |
| 4.5.1.1.7. ON o as o, ɔ, ȯ, ɔ̇, u; ō (ø̄) |
| 4.5.1.1.8. ON ó as Norn ū, ø̄, ō; u, o (ȯ), ɔ, ø |
| 4.5.1.1.9. ON u as Norn u, o, ȯ |
| 4.5.1.1.10. ON ú as Norn ū; u, o, ȯ, ø |
| 4.5.1.1.11. ON y as Norn ɪ (e), ə, ȯ, ø; ø̄ |
| 4.5.1.1.12. ON ý as Norn ø̄, ī, āi; ø, i |
| 4.5.1.1.13. ON æ as Norn ē; e, ɛ (æ) |
| 4.5.1.1.14. ON œ as Norn ø̄; ø (e) |
| 4.5.1.1.15. ON ǫ as Norn ȯ, o(u), ɔ, ə, ø; ō, ø̄ |
| 4.5.1.2. Vowel changes before palatalized consonants |
| 4.5.1.2.1. §16 ON a as Norn ā (ȯ, ɔ̇) |
| 4.5.1.2.2. §17 ON e as Norn ā |
| 4.5.1.2.3. §18 ON i, í treated as ON e |
| 4.5.1.2.4. §19 ON á as Norn ɔ, ȯ (ɔ̇); ON o (ó), u, ú, y, ý, æ, ǫ as Norn ȯ (ɔ̇) |
| 4.5.1.3. Diphthongs |
| 4.5.1.3.1. §20 ON ei as Norn ē, ɛ̄, ǣ (jē, jɛ̄, jǣ); e, ɛ, jɛ |
| 4.5.1.3.2. §21 ON au (ǫu) as Norn ō, jō, ø̄; o, ɔ, ȯ, u, ø |
| 4.5.1.3.3. §22 ON øy as Norn ø̄, ē |
| 4.5.1.3.4. §23 ON já, jó, jú as Norn ø̄, ø |
| 4.5.1.4. Mutation |
| 4.5.1.4.1. §24 Feminine nominatives in -a with a in the root subject to u-mutation |
| 4.5.1.4.2. §25 Loss of i-mutation |
| 4.5.1.4.3. §26 Breaking of ON e, i to ja, jâ |
| 4.5.2. Consonantal changes |
| 4.5.2.1. §27 Alternation of initial p and b and of initial b and v |
| 4.5.2.2. §28 nd to nt; dj to dᶎ |
| 4.5.2.3. §29 ð dropped or changed to d; ð to t; *ðj to dz; final d (< ð) changed to g |
| 4.5.2.4. §30 Final -f(a) retained or changed to -v(a); alternation of f and v |
| 4.5.2.5. §31 g as g; g as ꞔ; gj preserved; g to k |
| 4.5.2.6. §32 Initial h dropped before a vowel, j, or w |
| 4.5.2.7. §33 k as k; k as ᶄ; kj preserved; k to g; g to k |
| 4.5.2.8. §34 p to b when final or intervocalic; alternation of p and b |
| 4.5.2.9. §35 t to d when final or intervocalic; final t dropped |
| 4.5.2.10. §36 þ to t or to d; þj like sj becomes ᶊ |
| 4.5.2.11. §37 Initial v preserved; sometimes replaced by w |
| 4.5.2.12. §38 Various changes |
| 4.5.2.13. §39 Palatalization; insertion of j |
| 4.5.3. §40 Supporting vowel; connecting vowel |
| 4.5.4. §41 Stress |
| 4.5.5. §42 Dialect differences of pronunciation |
| 4.5.6. i-mutation |
| 4.5.6.1.Words with and without i-mutation |
| 4.5.6.2.Words with i-mutation |
| 4.5.6.3.Words without i-mutation |
| 4.5.7. u-mutation |
| 4.5.8. all to a’ |
| 4.5.9. ī, i to äi |
| 4.5.10. ī to äi |
| 4.6. Words of uncertain origin |
| 4.7. Appendices |
| 4.7.1. Shetlandic Norn corresponding to South-West Norwegian |
| 4.7.2. Shetlandic Norn corresponding to East Norwegian |
| 4.7.3. Shetlandic Norn corresponding to North Norwegian and Swedish dialects |
| 4.7.4. Ancient, rare Place-names in Norway recurring in Shetland |
| 4.7.5. Shetlandic Norn corresponding to Icelandic, Faroese, Swedish, Danish, Celtic, Dutch |
| 4.7.6. Old Northern words in Shetlandic having developed specialized meanings |
| 4.7.7. Words with meanings opposite to those found in Norwegian or other Northern languages |
| 4.7.8. Words with changed meaning |
| 4.7.9. Verbs preserved only in the past participle, partly used adjectivally |
| 4.7.10. Adjectives in the neuter used as substantives |
| 4.7.11. Compounds in which one or more parts have become obscure |
| 4.7.12. Metathesis of parts in compounded words |
| 4.7.13. Shetlandic Norn words found only in Icelandic |
| 4.7.14. Shetlandic Norn words or meanings found in Faroese |
| 4.7.15. Words corresponding to Swedish dialect words or found only in Swedish dialects |
| 4.7.16. Shetlandic words found only in Danish (a few also in Swedish) |
| 4.7.17. Shetlandic words with English endings |
| 4.7.18. Words with Old Northern meaning changed in form to Scots by divers influences |
| 4.7.19. Norn words with Scots forms and Norse meanings |
| 4.7.20. Special meanings more recently developed (and older meanings found only in Norn) |
| 4.7.21. Old Northern compounds not found in other Northern languages |
| 4.7.22. Cymric (Pictish) elements in Shetland |
| 5. Fragments of Norn |
| 5.1. Fragments of conversation |
| 5.2. Nursery-rhymes, Cradle-songs |
| 5.3. Rigmaroles |
| 5.4. Riddles |
| 5.5. Fragments of Song, Verse, and lines of Verse |
| 5.6. Adages and Proverbs |
| 5.7. An Incantation |
| 5.8. A burial Formula |
| 6. Notes on the 2020 edition |
| 6.1. Vowels |
| 6.2. Consonants |
| Dictionary |